Microsoft Word 5.x (UNIX) The Microsoft Word word processor was first introduced for MS-DOS in 1983. Its design made use of a mouse and WYSIWYG graphics. Its crude WYSIWYG/mouse support was a direct response to the Apple Lisa/Mac, and VisiCorp Visi On. Initially it competed against many popular word processors such as WordStar, Multimate,. Jul 14, 2020.
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- Many Windows 95 programs can recognize Unix text file newlines, so it is usually not too much problem going the other way by using Unix text files in MS-DOS. If you edit a Mac-style text file in Unix (depending on the editor), you will see the entire file on a single line with ^M characters displayed instead of newlines.
- In Unix text files a line break is a single character: the Line Feed (LF). In Mac text files, prior to Mac OS X, a line break was single Carriage Return (CR) character. Nowadays Mac OS uses Unix style (LF) line breaks. Besides line breaks Dos2unix can also convert the encoding of files. A few DOS code pages can be converted to Unix Latin-1.
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ASCII text files can contain different forms of newlines, dependingon which operating system is being used. Converting between these formatsis often necessary if you use several operating systems. The flip programwill convert the newlines to any format given in the table below:
| Operating System | Newline Character(s) |
| Microsoft Windows / MS-DOS | 0Dh0Ah |
| Apple Macintosh OS 9 and earlier | 0Dh |
| Unix (e.g., Linux), also Apple OS X and higher | 0Ah |
Unix and Macintosh text files use one character to indicate a newline of text. The character which is used in Unix can be representedas the hexadecimal number 0x0a (decimal number: 10) which youcan see on a Unix computer if you run a file through the od command,e.g.: od -h flip.cpp , which displays the bytes in thefile as hexadecimal numbers. Older Macs use 0x0d instead of0x0a. '0x' is a marker in C programming to indicatea hexadecimal number.
On the other hand for MS-DOS based computers, a new line of text is specified by two characters: 0x0d followed by 0x0a which function similar to a typewriter: one characteradvances the paper one line (linefeed) and the other charactermoves the current positon to the beginning of the line (carriagereturn).
If you edit a MS-DOS ASCII file in Unix you will often see the characters ^M at the end of the line. This is the extra character 0x0d that is used to indicate a new line of text in MS-DOS. More recent versions of vi and emacs automatically detect the newline style of the file and will use that style when editing the file, keeping the newlines consistent.
Many Windows 95 programs can recognize Unix text file newlines, so it is usually not too much problem going the other way by using Unix text files in MS-DOS.
If you edit a Mac-style text file in Unix (depending on the editor), you will see the entire file on a single line with ^M characters displayed instead of newlines.
The flip command will convert between each of these types of newline formats. Here is the usage statement for the program:If you want to see what format a file is in, type flip -tfilename and the program will return its analysis of the file. If the file has a mixture of methods for new lines, thenthe flip program will assign it to be a MS-DOS ASCII file. Analyzing or changing binary files (such as executable programs orsound or picture files) with the flip program does not make sense,since there may be 0x0a and 0x0d bytes in the filewhich are not intended to be new lines. However, the flip program might be able to reverse the damage if you ftp a binary fileaccidentally as an ascii file.
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The flip program will overwrite the old version of a file with thespecified format although the -t will not write anythingsince that option is used only to determine the type of the file.
- View the source file for the program: flip.cpp (The header comments in the program explain other methods ofconverting between newline styles).
- download binary for:
- Mac OS X (10.4 and later, 32/64 bit universal binary)
- Compiled in NeXTStep (fat) (old version)
- On Macintosh OSX computers, you can use a flip-based application created byChristoph Dalitz which is calledConvertNewlines [zip file]The program allows switching between newline styles by dropping files into the application.
On Unix-like operating systems, the dos2unix and unix2dos commands convertplain text files from DOS or Mac format to Unix, and vice versa.
Description
In DOS/Windows text files, a line break, also known as newline, is a combination of two characters: a Carriage Return (CR) followed by a Line Feed (LF). In Unix text files a line break is a single character: the Line Feed (LF). In Mac text files, prior to macOS X, a line break was single Carriage Return (CR) character. Nowadays macOS uses Unix style (LF) line breaks.
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Binary files are automatically skipped, unless conversion is forced.
Non-regular files, such as directories and FIFOs, are automatically skipped.
Symbolic links and their targets are by default kept untouched. Symbolic links can optionally be replaced, or the output can be written to the symbolic link target. Symbolic links on Windows are not supported. Windows symbolic links are always replaced, keeping the targets unchanged.
Dos2unix was modelled after dos2unix under SunOS/Solaris and has similar conversion modes.
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Syntax
Options
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-- | Treat all options that follow as file names. Use this option, for instance, if you want to convert files whose names start with a dash. So, to convert a file named '-foo', you can use this command: dos2unix -- -foo Or in new file mode: dos2unix -n -- -foo out.txt |
-ascii | Convert only line breaks. This is the default conversion mode. |
-iso | Conversion between DOS and ISO-8859-1 character set. See also section CONVERSION MODES. |
-1252 | Use Windows code page 1252 (Western European). |
-437 | Use DOS code page 437 (US). This is the default code page used for ISO conversion. |
-850 | Use DOS code page 850 (Western European) |
-860 | Use DOS code page 860 (Portuguese). |
-863 | Use DOS code page 863 (French Canadian). |
-865 | Use DOS code page 865 (Nordic). |
-7 | Convert 8 bit characters to 7 bit space. |
-c, --convmodeCONVMODE | Set conversion mode. Where CONVMODE is one of: ascii, 7bit, iso, or mac, with ascii being the default. |
-f, --force | Force conversion of binary files. |
-h, --help | Display help and exit. |
-k, --keepdate | Keep the date stamp of output file same as input file. |
-L, --license | Display program's license. |
-l, --newline | Add additional newline. dos2unix: Only DOS line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks. In Mac mode only Mac line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks. unix2dos: Only Unix line breaks are changed to two DOS line breaks. In Mac mode Unix line breaks are changed to two Mac line breaks. |
-m, --add-bom | Write an UTF-8 Byte Order Mark in the output file. Never use this option when the output encoding is other than UTF-8. See also section UNICODE. |
-n, --newfileINFILE OUTFILE ... | New file mode. Convert file INFILE and write output to file OUTFILE. File names must be given in pairs and wildcard names should not be used or you will lose your files. The person who starts the conversion in new file (paired) mode will be the owner of the converted file. The read/write permissions of the new file will be the permissions of the original file minus the umask of the person who runs the conversion. |
-o, --oldfileFILE ... | Old file mode. Convert file FILE and overwrite output to it. The program defaults to run in this mode. Wildcard names may be used. In old file (in-place) mode the converted file gets the same owner, group, and read/writepermissions as the original file. Also, when the file is converted by another user who has write permissions on the file (e.g., user root). The conversion will be aborted when it is not possible to preserve the original values. Change of owner could mean that the original owner is not able to read the file any more. Change of group could be a security risk, the file could be made readable for persons for whom it is not intended. Preservation of owner, group, and read/write permissions is only supported on Unix. |
-q, --quiet | Quiet mode. Suppress all warnings and messages. The return value is zero. Except when wrong command-line options are used. |
-s, --safe | Skip binary files (default). |
-F, --follow-symlink | Follow symbolic links and convert the targets. |
-R, --replace-symlink | Replace symbolic links with converted files (original target files remain unchanged). |
-S, --skip-symlink | Keep symbolic links and targets unchanged (default). |
-V, --version | Display version information and exit. |
Mac Mode
In normal mode line breaks are converted from DOS to Unix and vice versa. Mac line breaks are not converted.
In Mac mode line breaks are converted from Mac to Unix and vice versa. DOS line breaks are not changed.
To run in Mac mode use the command-line option '-c mac' or use the commands 'mac2unix' or 'unix2mac'.
Conversion Modes
ascii | In mode 'ascii' only line breaks are converted. This is the default conversion mode. Although the name of this mode is ASCII, which is a 7 bit standard, the actual mode is 8 bit. Use always this mode when converting Unicode UTF-8 files. |
7bit | In this mode all 8 bit non-ASCII characters (with values from 128 to 255) are converted to a 7 bit space. |
iso | Characters are converted between a DOS character set (code page) and ISO character set ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) on Unix. DOS characters without ISO-8859-1 equivalent, for which conversion is not possible, are converted to a dot. The same counts for ISO-8859-1 characters without DOS counterpart. When only option '-iso' is used dos2unix will try to determine the active code page. When this is not possible dos2unix will use default code page CP437, which is mainly used in the USA. To force a specific code page use options '-437' (US), '-850' (Western European), '-860' (Portuguese), '-863' (French Canadian), or '-865' (Nordic). Windows code page CP1252 (Western European) is also supported with option '-1252'. For other code pages use dos2unix in combination with iconv. iconv can convert between a long list of character encodings. Never use ISO converion on Unicode text files. It will corrupt UTF-8 encoded files. Some examples: Convert from DOS default code page to Unix Latin-1: Convert from DOS CP850 to Unix Latin-1: Convert from Windows CP1252 to Unix Latin-1: Convert from Windows CP1252 to Unix UTF-8 (Unicode): Convert from Unix Latin-1 to DOS default code page: Convert from Unix Latin-1 to DOS CP850: Convert from Unix Latin-1 to Windows CP1252: Convert from Unix UTF-8 (Unicode) to Windows CP1252: See also http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html and http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html. |
NOTE: Conversion modes ascii, 7bit, and iso are similar to those of dos2unix/unix2dos under SunOS/Solaris.
Unicode
Encodings
There exist different Unicode encodings. On Linux Unicode files are typically encoded in UTF-8 encoding. On Windows Unicode text files can be encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-16 big endian, but are mostly encoded in UTF-16 format.
Conversion
Unicode text files can have DOS, Unix or Mac line breaks, like regular text files.
All versions of dos2unix and unix2dos can convert UTF-8 encoded files, because UTF-8 was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII.
dos2unix and unix2dos with Unicode UTF-16 support can read little and big endian UTF-16 encoded text files. To see if dos2unix was built with UTF-16 support type 'dos2unix -V'.
The Windows versions of dos2unix and unix2dos convert UTF-16 encoded files always to UTF-8 encoded files. Unix versions of dos2unix/unix2dos convert UTF-16 encoded files to the locale character encoding when it is set to UTF-8. Use the locale command to find out what the locale character encoding is.
Because UTF-8 formatted text files are well supported on both Windows and Unix, dos2unix, and unix2dos have no option to write UTF-16 files. All UTF-16 characters can be encoded in UTF-8. Conversion from UTF-16 to UTF-8 is without loss. UTF-16 files will be skipped on Unix when the locale character encoding is not UTF-8, to prevent accidental loss of text. When an UTF-16 to UTF-8 conversion error occurs, for instance when the UTF-16 input file contains an error, the file will be skipped.
ISO and 7-bit mode conversion do not work on UTF-16 files.
Byte Order Mark
On Windows Unicode text files typically have a Byte Order Mark (BOM), because many Windows programs (including Notepad) add BOMs by default. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark.
On Unix Unicode files typically don't have a BOM. It is assumed that text files are encoded in the locale character encoding.
dos2unix can only detect if a file is in UTF-16 format if the file has a BOM. When an UTF-16 file doesn't have a BOM, dos2unix will see the file as a binary file.
Use dos2unix in combination with iconv to convert an UTF-16 file without BOM.
Dos2unix never writes a BOM in the output file, unless you use option '-m'.
Unix2dos writes a BOM in the output file when the input file has a BOM, or when option '-m' is used.
Examples
Convert from Windows UTF-16 (with BOM) to Unix UTF-8:
Convert from Windows UTF-16 (without BOM) to Unix UTF-8:
Convert from Unix UTF-8 to Windows UTF-8 with BOM:
Convert from Unix UTF-8 to Windows UTF-16:
Recursive Conversion
Use dos2unix in combination with the find and xargs commands to recursively convert text files in a directory tree structure. For instance to convert all .txt files in the directory tree under the current directory type:
Localization
LANG
The primary language is selected with the environment variableLANG. The LANG variable consists out of several parts. The first part is in small letters the language code. The second is optional and is the country code in capital letters, preceded with an underscore. There is also an optional third part: character encoding, preceded with a dot. A few examples for POSIX standard type shells:
export LANG=nl | Dutch |
export LANG=nl_NL | Dutch, The Netherlands |
export LANG=nl_BE | Dutch, Belgium |
export LANG=es_ES | Spanish, Spain |
export LANG=es_MX | Spanish, Mexico |
export LANG=en_US.iso88591 | English, USA, Latin-1 encoding |
export LANG=en_GB.UTF-8 | English, UK, UTF-8 encoding |
For a complete list of language and country codes see the gettext manual: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Language-Codes
On Unix systems you can use to command locale to get locale-specific information.
LANGUAGE
With the LANGUAGE environment variable you can specify a priority list of languages, separated by colons. Dos2unix gives preference to LANGUAGE over LANG. For instance, first Dutch and then German: 'LANGUAGE=nl:de'. You have to first enable localization, by setting LANG (or LC_ALL) to a value other than 'C', before you can use a language priority list through the LANGUAGE variable. See also the gettext manual: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#The-LANGUAGE-variable
If you select a language that is not available you will get the standard English messages.
DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR
With the environment variable DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR the LOCALEDIR set during compilation can be overruled. LOCALEDIR is used to find the language files. The GNU default value is '/usr/local/share/locale'. Option --version displays the LOCALEDIR that is used.
Example (POSIX shell):
Return Values
On success, zero is returned. When a system error occurs the last system error will be returned. For other errors 1 is returned.
The return value is always zero in quiet mode, except when wrong command-line options are used.
Examples
Get input from stdin and write output to stdout.
Both of the above commands will do the same thing: convert, and replace, both a.txt and b.txt in one command.
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Converts and replaces a.txt while keeping original date stamp.